Valerian (Root extract with 0.6% valerenic acid)

Support for quality rest and regulation of sleep cycles

This is one of the most studied and traditional uses of valerian extract, based on its ability to modulate the GABAergic system and facilitate the natural transition to rest. The protocol for this purpose focuses on harnessing the extract's mechanisms of action that promote relaxation of the central nervous system and support the natural architecture of sleep.

• Initial dosage : It is suggested to start with 300-600 mg of standardized 0.6% valerenic acid extract, which is equivalent to 1-2 capsules of 300 mg. This initial dose allows for evaluation of the individual response, as sensitivity to valerenic compounds can vary between people due to differences in GABA-A receptor expression and hepatic metabolism.

• Maintenance dosage : After one week of initial use, if the response is adequate but it is considered that it could be optimized, the dose may be adjusted to 600-900 mg (2-3 capsules). Research suggests that doses in this range have been extensively studied in supplementation protocols for nighttime sleep support.

• Timing of administration : It is recommended to take the medication between 30 and 120 minutes before the usual bedtime. This interval allows the active components to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, reach significant plasma levels, cross the blood-brain barrier, and begin to exert their modulating effects on the central nervous system. Administration too early may result in effects that culminate before the desired time to fall asleep, while administration too late may not allow enough time for the effects to manifest.

• Relationship with food : Although the extract can be taken with or without food, it has been observed that taking it with a small amount of food containing some fat may promote the absorption of the extract's lipophilic components, including valerenic acids and essential oils. However, very large or high-fat meals may delay gastric emptying and, consequently, the onset of effects.

• Cycle duration : Valerian extract can be used continuously for periods of 4-12 weeks. Unlike some sleep-promoting substances, valerian has not shown significant tolerance development over this period according to long-term use studies. After 8-12 weeks of continuous use, a 1-2 week break may be considered to allow the body to fully restore its baseline homeostasis before restarting if deemed necessary.

• Progressive protocol : In cases where the initial response is minimal, instead of immediately increasing the dose, it may be beneficial to maintain the initial dose for 2-4 weeks, as some effects of the extract, particularly those related to changes in gene expression and neuroplastic adaptations, may develop gradually and become more pronounced with sustained use.

Support during periods of occasional stress and high cognitive demands

Valerian extract can support the body's natural adaptation mechanisms to occasional stress, particularly through its influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the modulation of inhibitory neurotransmission that counteracts states of hyperactivation of the nervous system.

• Daytime dosage : For this purpose, a dose of 300-600 mg (1-2 capsules) is suggested, administered during the day, preferably divided into two doses if the higher dose is chosen: one dose in the morning or mid-morning and another in the mid-afternoon. This distribution helps maintain more stable levels of the active components throughout the day.

• Additional nighttime dosage : Since stress frequently affects sleep quality, an additional dose of 300–600 mg at bedtime may be considered, following the protocol described in the previous objective. This multiple-dose strategy addresses both waking support and recovery during sleep.

• Timing of administration : Daytime doses should preferably be taken with food to minimize any possible mild gastrointestinal discomfort that some users may experience on an empty stomach, and to optimize the absorption of lipophilic components. The first dose can be taken with breakfast or mid-morning, and the second dose with lunch or mid-afternoon.

• Alertness considerations : Although valerian does not produce pronounced sedation at the doses suggested for daytime use in most people, individual sensitivity varies. It is recommended to assess your personal response during a weekend or period without responsibilities requiring maximum alertness before implementing the protocol during demanding workdays.

• Cycle duration : For support during specific periods of high stress (exams, intensive work projects, challenging personal situations), the extract can be used continuously for 3-8 weeks. If the stressful circumstances resolve, it can be discontinued gradually by first reducing the daytime dose and maintaining only the nighttime dose for an additional week before stopping completely.

• Pause and resume protocol : If use extends beyond 8 weeks, it is suggested to implement a 1-2 week break every 2-3 months to avoid any over-adaptation of neurotransmitter systems and maintain optimal effectiveness of the extract.

Support for emotional well-being and mood regulation

The ability of valerian extract to modulate multiple neurotransmission systems, including the GABAergic, serotonergic, and adenosinergic systems, makes it relevant for supporting emotional balance and the physiological processes underlying mood regulation.

• Initial dosage : It is recommended to start with 300 mg (1 capsule) twice a day, administered in the morning and in the afternoon or evening. This moderate initial dosage allows for assessment of tolerability and individual response.

• Maintenance dosage : After 1-2 weeks, if the response is adequate but could be optimized, the dose may be increased to 600 mg twice daily (2 capsules per dose), for a total daily dose of 1200 mg. This dose is within the range studied in research protocols for effects on emotional well-being.

• Timing : The first dose can be administered with breakfast or during the morning, and the second dose preferably 6-8 hours later, with lunch or before dinner. This timing maintains a relatively constant presence of active components during waking hours.

• Relationship with food : For this protocol, administration with food is favored, since regular intake with meals facilitates adherence to the supplementation regimen and can contribute to more uniform absorption, minimizing peaks and valleys in plasma concentrations.

• Evaluation period : The effects on aspects of emotional well-being may develop gradually. It is suggested that the protocol be maintained for at least 4-6 weeks before fully evaluating its usefulness, since some of the mechanisms involved, particularly those related to changes in the expression of neurotrophic factors and modifications in the composition of receptor subunits, operate on longer timescales than the acute effects on sleep.

• Cycle duration : The extract can be used continuously for 8-16 weeks. Studies of prolonged use have not identified any problems with tolerance or dependence during these periods. After 12-16 weeks of continuous use, a 2-3 week break can be implemented before restarting if deemed beneficial.

• Gradual discontinuation protocol : Instead of abrupt discontinuation, a gradual dose reduction over 1–2 weeks is suggested, decreasing first to one capsule twice daily, and then to one capsule once daily for several days before complete discontinuation. This approach allows neurotransmitter systems to gradually readjust.

Support for muscle relaxation and physical recovery

The ability of valerian extract to promote muscle relaxation, both through effects on the central nervous system and potentially through peripheral actions, makes it relevant for supporting physical recovery and muscle comfort.

• Dosage for general use : For general muscle relaxation support, it is suggested to take 600-900 mg (2-3 capsules) as a single nighttime dose, approximately 1-2 hours before bedtime. This dosage allows the muscle-relaxing effects to coincide with the nighttime rest period, when the most important physical recovery processes occur.

• Dosage for periods of intense physical activity : During periods of more demanding physical training or after activities that generate significant muscle tension, a split dosage protocol may be considered: 300-600 mg (1-2 capsules) after physical activity or in the afternoon, and an additional dose of 300-600 mg before bedtime.

• Optimal timing of administration : The nighttime dose should be administered well in advance of sleep to allow for complete absorption. If using a post-exercise dose, it can be taken within 2-4 hours after physical activity, preferably with a meal containing protein and carbohydrates to simultaneously support nutritional recovery processes.

• Food considerations : For the nighttime dose, it can be taken with a light dinner or a small snack. For the post-exercise dose, taking it with food containing some fat may promote the absorption of lipophilic components of the extract.

• Usage cycles : For continuous general support, the extract can be used for 6-12 weeks consecutively, followed by a 1-2 week break. For targeted use during periods of intensive training or competition, it can be used for the duration of these periods (typically 4-12 weeks) and discontinued during phases of lower physical demand.

• Integration with other recovery practices : Valerian extract could complement other recovery strategies such as stretching, compression therapy, adequate hydration and appropriate nutrition, functioning as additional support through its mechanisms of action on neuromuscular relaxation.

Antioxidant support and neuroprotection

The antioxidant components of valerian extract, including flavonoids, lignans, and phenolic compounds, along with its ability to activate the Nrf2 transcription factor, make it relevant for protocols aimed at supporting cellular protection against oxidative stress.

• Base dosage : For this purpose, a dose of 600-900 mg daily (2-3 capsules) is suggested, which can be administered in a single dose or divided into two doses of 300-450 mg each. The higher dosage within this range provides a greater concentration of phenolic compounds and other antioxidants.

• Timing : If split dosing is chosen, one dose in the morning with breakfast and another in the evening with dinner are recommended. This distribution helps maintain more consistent levels of circulating antioxidants throughout the day, which can be beneficial given that oxidative stress is a continuous process.

• Optimized absorption : The polyphenolic antioxidants in the extract are better absorbed in the presence of food containing some fat. Administration with meals that include healthy lipid sources has been observed to enhance the bioavailability of these compounds, maximizing their ability to exert systemic effects and cross the blood-brain barrier.

• Synergy with other antioxidants : Valerian extract can be integrated into broader antioxidant support protocols that include other compounds such as vitamin E, vitamin C, astaxanthin, or resveratrol. In these cases, dosages can be kept in the range of 600 mg daily (2 capsules) to avoid excessive total doses when combining multiple antioxidants.

• Duration of use : For antioxidant support and neuroprotection, the extract can be used for longer periods than for other purposes, with cycles of 12–16 weeks followed by 2–3 week breaks. This extended use is based on the fact that the benefits related to antioxidant protection and effects on gene expression may require longer periods to fully manifest.

• Long-term maintenance protocol : After completing an initial 12-16 week cycle, an alternating maintenance protocol can be implemented, using the extract for 3 weeks in a row and resting for 1 week, or using it 5 days a week with 2-day breaks, thus allowing sustained long-term antioxidant support without completely continuous use.

Support during schedule adjustments and changes in circadian rhythms

The ability of valerian extract to modulate systems involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles makes it potentially useful during periods of adjustment to new schedules, such as occasional shift changes or transoceanic travel with significant time differences.

• Pre-adjustment protocol : It is recommended to begin supplementation 2-3 days before the anticipated time change, using 300-600 mg (1-2 capsules) administered at the time that will correspond to the new bedtime in the target time zone. This proactive approach can help prepare the circadian regulatory systems for the upcoming change.

• Dosage during the adjustment period : For the first 3-7 days on the new schedule, a dose of 600-900 mg (2-3 capsules) is suggested, administered 60-90 minutes before the new desired bedtime. This slightly higher dose provides more robust support during the period of greatest circadian disruption.

• Critical timing of administration : It is essential to administer the dose in relation to the local time of the destination, not the time of the place of origin, to facilitate synchronization with the new light-dark cycle. Morning sunlight and nighttime darkness in the new time zone are the most powerful cues for circadian readjustment, and valerian can complement these environmental synchronizers.

• Post-adjustment maintenance dosage : Once the new sleep pattern is established (typically after 5-10 days), the dose can be gradually reduced to 300-600 mg (1-2 capsules) for an additional week before discontinuing, or it can be maintained at this reduced dose if general sleep support is desired.

• Relationship with food and light exposure : The dose should preferably be taken with a light snack during the new nighttime hours, and it is recommended to minimize exposure to bright light, especially blue light from electronic devices, after administration. Conversely, exposure to bright sunlight during the morning hours of the new time zone complements the effects of the extract.

• Protocol duration : The complete protocol typically lasts 7-14 days in total: 2-3 days pre-tightening, 3-7 days of active titration with higher doses, and 3-5 days of tapering. If frequent travel or shift changes occur, breaks of at least 1-2 weeks between protocols may be implemented to avoid excessively continuous use.

Support for digestive comfort related to the gut-brain axis

The interaction between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system, known as the gut-brain axis, can benefit from the modulating effect of valerian extract on the tone of the autonomic nervous system and its ability to support smooth muscle relaxation.

• Dosage for daily use : It is suggested to take 300-600 mg (1-2 capsules) 2-3 times a day, preferably 30-60 minutes before main meals. This total daily dosage of 600-1800 mg, distributed throughout the day, allows for a more continuous effect on the tone of the autonomic nervous system, which influences digestive function.

• Timing of administration in relation to meals : Administration before meals may be beneficial because it allows the relaxing effects of the extract to be present during the digestive process. However, in individuals with gastrointestinal sensitivity, administration with small amounts of food may be better tolerated.

• Gradual start protocol : For this particular goal, a gradual start is recommended, beginning with 300 mg (1 capsule) once daily for 3-4 days, then increasing to twice daily for another week, and finally adjusting to three times daily if deemed beneficial. This gradual approach allows for evaluation of individual response and adjustment as needed.

• Integration with dietary habits : The extract should be considered as part of a comprehensive approach that includes appropriate dietary habits, adequate hydration, and stress management techniques. Its effect on the gut-brain axis can complement these other factors without replacing them.

• Cycle duration : For this purpose, cycles of 6–10 weeks followed by 1–2 week breaks are appropriate. During the break, it is possible to assess whether the benefits persist, which could suggest that the extract has helped to restore healthier patterns of autonomic regulation of digestive function.

• Adjustments based on response : If after 2-3 weeks no significant benefits are perceived with the moderate dose protocol, consideration may be given to increasing to the higher dose in the range (600 mg three times a day, for a total of 1800 mg daily) for an additional 2-3 weeks before assessing whether this particular target is appropriate for the individual.

Did you know that valerenic acids can enhance GABA activity without binding to the same site as this neurotransmitter?

The valerenic acids present in valerian extract act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors, meaning they bind to a completely different region of the receptor compared to the GABA binding site. This alternative binding alters the receptor's three-dimensional shape, allowing endogenous GABA to function more efficiently when it reaches its own binding site. This mechanism is particularly elegant because it neither replaces nor mimics the natural neurotransmitter, but rather optimizes its function without disrupting baseline GABA levels in the brain, thus respecting the body's own regulatory mechanisms.

Did you know that valerian contains more than 150 different chemical compounds that work in synergy?

Valerian root extract owes its activity not to a single molecule, but to a complex mixture of over 150 chemical constituents, including valerenic acids, valepotriates, flavonoids, lignans, alkaloids, and essential oils. These compounds interact with multiple neurotransmitter systems simultaneously, including the GABAergic, serotonergic, adenosinergic, and potentially opioid systems. This multiplicity of mechanisms of action represents what is known as a synergistic or "molecular orchestra" effect, where the combination of components produces more complex and modulated effects than any single component would produce in isolation. This explains why complete extracts often exhibit different activity profiles than their purified constituents.

Did you know that valerian can influence T-type calcium channels that regulate brain sleep rhythms?

Valerenic acids have the ability to selectively block T-type calcium channels, which are especially abundant in thalamic neurons. These channels are essential for generating the low-frequency rhythmic oscillations that characterize certain sleep stages. When these channels are active, thalamic neurons produce burst firing patterns that synchronize with the cerebral cortex, generating the slow brain rhythms associated with deep sleep. By modulating the activity of these channels, valerian can facilitate the transition from the high-frequency brain activity patterns characteristic of wakefulness to the synchronized, slow patterns of sleep, thus supporting the natural architecture of the sleep-wake cycle without inducing a sedated state.

Did you know that some components of valerian can inhibit the enzyme that breaks down GABA in the brain?

Valerian extract contains compounds that inhibit GABA transaminase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter GABA once it has fulfilled its function in the synapse. By reducing the activity of this enzyme, GABA remains available for longer in the space between neurons, prolonging its natural inhibitory effect. This mechanism is particularly interesting because it does not increase GABA production or introduce external substances that mimic it; instead, it optimizes the use of the neurotransmitter the brain has already produced, allowing each released GABA molecule to exert a longer-lasting effect before being metabolized.

Did you know that valerian can modulate the expression of genes related to neurotrophic factors?

Gene expression studies have revealed that exposure to components of valerian extract can influence the transcription of genes encoding neurotrophic factors, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These proteins are essential for neuronal survival, the growth of new synaptic connections, and brain plasticity, which is the nervous system's ability to reorganize and adapt to new situations. This effect at the gene expression level operates over a longer timescale than the immediate effects on neurotransmitters, suggesting that sustained use of the extract could support neuronal adaptation processes and the maintenance of long-term brain health beyond its acute effects on relaxation and sleep.

Did you know that valerian interacts with at least three different subtypes of serotonergic receptors?

In addition to its well-known action on the GABA system, valerian extract can interact with multiple serotonin receptor subtypes, specifically 5-HT1A, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT7 receptors. Each of these receptor subtypes is associated with specific functions: 5-HT1A receptors are involved in mood modulation and the stress response, 5-HT5A receptors participate in cognitive and memory processes, while 5-HT7 receptors are related to the regulation of circadian rhythms and thermoregulation. This ability to simultaneously influence multiple serotonergic receptor subtypes allows the extract to modulate various aspects of brain function in a coordinated manner, contributing to its effects on emotional well-being and the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.

Did you know that valerian can reduce the overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during stressful situations?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the primary neuroendocrine system that coordinates the body's stress response through the release of cortisol. Preclinical studies have shown that valerian extract can attenuate excessive activation of this axis, as evidenced by reductions in circulating glucocorticoid levels following exposure to stressors. This effect occurs primarily through the potentiation of GABAergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which exert an inhibitory tone on neurons that secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone. By strengthening this natural inhibition, valerian can help modulate the magnitude of the hormonal stress response without completely blocking it, thereby preserving the body's ability to respond appropriately to real challenges while reducing excessive activation in response to minor stressors.

Did you know that standardization to 0.6% valerenic acid guarantees a consistent concentration of the main bioactive compound?

Standardization of herbal extracts is a process that ensures each dose contains a specific and reproducible amount of the main active component. In the case of valerian, standardization to 0.6% valerenic acid means that each portion of the extract has been processed to contain exactly this concentration of the compound considered responsible for most of its effects on the nervous system. This level of standardization is important because plants can naturally vary in their chemical composition depending on factors such as soil, climate, harvest time, and storage conditions. By standardizing the extract, this natural variability is eliminated, allowing for a more consistent and predictable experience.

Did you know that valepotriates are unique compounds found almost exclusively in species of the genus Valeriana?

Valepotriates are a special class of iridoids that constitute a distinctive chemical marker of plants in the genus Valeriana and are rarely found in other botanical families. These compounds have a complex molecular structure that includes a cyclopentanopyrane nucleus and ester side chains, and they have been shown to possess activity on the central nervous system through mechanisms that are still being investigated. Although valepotriates are less stable than valerenic acids and tend to degrade during processing and storage, their degradation products, particularly the baldrionals, also exhibit biological activity. This presence of unique compounds contributes to the unique pharmacological profile of valerian extract and differentiates it from other natural compounds with effects on the nervous system.

Did you know that valerian can modulate specific transporters that reuptake GABA from the synaptic space?

In addition to enhancing GABA receptor activity and reducing neurotransmitter degradation, some components of valerian extract can interfere with the GAT-1 and GAT-3 transporter proteins found in the membranes of neurons and glial cells. These transporters are responsible for removing GABA from the synaptic cleft after it has transmitted its signal, a process known as reuptake. By modulating the activity of these transporters, the extract allows GABA to remain available longer in the synaptic cleft, prolonging its interaction with postsynaptic receptors. This triple mechanism of action on the GABAergic system—including receptor modulation, inhibition of enzymatic degradation, and modulation of reuptake—represents a sophisticated pharmacological strategy for enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission without dramatically altering neural balance.

Did you know that valerian contains lignans with antioxidant properties that specifically protect neuronal cells?

Lignans are polyphenolic compounds present in valerian extract that exhibit antioxidant activity particularly relevant to the central nervous system. These molecules can cross the blood-brain barrier, a selective structure that protects the brain from potentially harmful substances but also hinders the entry of many beneficial compounds. Once in brain tissue, lignans can neutralize reactive oxygen species that are naturally generated during neuronal energy metabolism. Neurons are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress due to their high oxygen consumption, their abundance of polyunsaturated lipids susceptible to peroxidation, and their limited regenerative capacity; therefore, the presence of antioxidants capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and protecting these cells is particularly valuable.

Did you know that valerian can influence the activity of calcium-dependent potassium channels that regulate neuronal excitability?

Valerian extract has demonstrated the ability to modulate calcium-dependent high-conductance potassium channels, known as BK channels. These channels play a crucial role in neuronal membrane repolarization after a neuron has generated an action potential, helping to restore the resting membrane potential and limiting the frequency with which a neuron can fire consecutive signals. By facilitating the opening of these channels, the extract may contribute to reducing neuronal excitability, complementing its effects on inhibitory neurotransmitters. This mechanism is particularly relevant in neurons that tend to fire in high-frequency bursts, and its modulation may contribute to more regular and less hyperexcitable brain activity patterns.

Did you know that some effects of valerian can be partially mediated by the endogenous opioid system?

Pharmacological research has observed that certain effects of valerian extract can be partially reversed by naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, suggesting a possible interaction with the endogenous opioid system. This system, composed of naturally produced opioid peptides such as endorphins and enkephalins, is involved in pain modulation, mood regulation, and stress responses. Although the precise molecular mechanisms are not yet fully characterized, it has been proposed that some components of the extract could modulate the release, degradation, or activity of these endogenous peptides, or interact directly with specific opioid receptor subtypes in a subtle manner. This interaction would be modulatory and would not produce the intense effects associated with exogenous opioids, explaining the absence of adverse effects typical of robust opioid activation.

Did you know that valerian can activate the Nrf2 transcription factor that regulates the cellular antioxidant response?

One of the mechanisms by which valerian extract exerts antioxidant protection involves the activation of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2, known as Nrf2. This transcription factor functions as a master regulator of the cellular antioxidant response, controlling the expression of numerous antioxidant enzymes and cytoprotective proteins. When activated, Nrf2 migrates to the cell nucleus and binds to specific DNA sequences called antioxidant response elements, initiating the transcription of genes that encode enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and heme oxygenase-1. By inducing the expression of these enzymes, the extract not only provides direct antioxidants but also enhances the cells' own antioxidant defense systems, creating a more robust and sustained response against oxidative stress.

Did you know that valerian contains volatile essential oils that can interact with the limbic system through the sense of smell?

Valerian extract contains various volatile essential oils, including bornyl acetate, eugenol, and several monoterpenes, which possess characteristic aromatic properties. When these compounds are inhaled, they can interact directly with the olfactory system, whose receptors send signals to the olfactory bulb and, from there, to structures of the limbic system such as the amygdala and hippocampus—brain regions deeply involved in emotional processing and memory. This olfactory pathway represents an additional and complementary mechanism of action to the systemic effects of the extract when ingested orally. Olfactory stimulation can produce rapid neurophysiological responses that modulate emotional state and activation of the autonomic nervous system, potentially contributing to feelings of calm even before the components of the extract are absorbed and distributed systemically.

Did you know that the bioavailability of valerenic acids can be influenced by the presence of other compounds in the whole extract?

Valerenic acids, when administered in isolation, have a specific bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile. However, when present in the context of whole valerian extract, their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion can be significantly altered due to interactions with other components of the extract. This phenomenon, known as the matrix effect or food effect in pharmacology, can result in increased bioavailability of the active compounds when consumed as part of the whole extract. Some flavonoids and other phenolic compounds present in the extract can inhibit phase I and II metabolizing enzymes in the intestine and liver, reducing the first-pass metabolism of valerenic acids and allowing a greater proportion to reach the systemic circulation in an active form. This is one of the scientific arguments supporting the use of standardized whole extracts instead of isolated purified compounds.

Did you know that valerian can modulate the expression of specific GABA-A receptor subunits in different brain regions?

GABA-A receptors are not homogeneous structures but are composed of different combinations of protein subunits that determine their pharmacological properties and their distribution in the brain. There are at least 19 different subunits that can combine to form GABA-A receptors with distinct characteristics. Research has suggested that chronic exposure to components of valerian extract can influence the expression of specific subunits, particularly the α1, α2, α3, and α5 subunits, in different brain regions. This modulation of subunit composition can alter the receptors' sensitivity to endogenous modulators and modify the properties of GABA-mediated chloride currents. For example, receptors containing more α2 or α3 subunits are associated with anxiolytic effects, while those rich in α1 are more related to sedative effects, suggesting that valerian may have the ability to selectively influence different aspects of GABAergic function depending on the brain region and receptor composition.

Did you know that some components of valerian can inhibit the enzyme adenosine deaminase that breaks down adenosine?

Adenosine is a nucleoside that functions as a neuromodulator, and its progressive accumulation during periods of wakefulness contributes to the homeostatic pressure of sleep. The enzyme adenosine deaminase is responsible for catalyzing the irreversible conversion of adenosine to inosine, thus removing adenosine from the extracellular space. Biochemical studies have identified that certain components of valerian extract can inhibit this enzyme, resulting in greater availability of adenosine in the extracellular space to interact with its receptors. This increased concentration of adenosine can enhance the activation of adenosine A1 receptors, which exert inhibitory effects on neuronal activity and promote the transition to states of reduced alertness. This mechanism complements the direct effects of the extract on adenosine receptors and contributes to its ability to support the natural processes that lead to the onset of sleep.

Did you know that valerian can influence DNA methylation and histone acetylation, modifying gene expression in the long term?

Epigenetic modifications are changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA sequence but can have lasting effects on cellular function. Preliminary research suggests that bioactive components of valerian extract may influence key epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. DNA methylation generally results in the suppression of gene expression, while histone acetylation typically promotes transcriptional activation by relaxing chromatin structure. The extract appears capable of modulating the activity of enzymes that catalyze these modifications, including DNA methyltransferases, histone acetyltransferases, and histone deacetylases. These epigenetic modifications could explain why some effects of valerian develop gradually with continued use and why they can persist for some time after discontinuing its consumption, suggesting deeper adaptive changes in cellular function beyond acute pharmacological effects.

Did you know that valerian contains glutamine, which can serve as a precursor to GABA in the brain?

In addition to its modulatory effects on the GABAergic system, valerian extract contains glutamine, an amino acid that can cross the blood-brain barrier and serve as a substrate for GABA synthesis in the brain. In GABAergic neurons, glutamine is first converted to glutamate by the enzyme glutaminase, and subsequently, glutamate is decarboxylated by glutamate decarboxylase to form GABA. This metabolic pathway, known as the glutamine-glutamate-GABA cycle, is essential for maintaining inhibitory neurotransmitter reserves in the central nervous system. By providing glutamine as a substrate, the extract can support the brain's endogenous capacity to synthesize GABA, complementing its effects on receptor modulation and the inhibition of GABA metabolism. This mechanism underscores how the whole extract can influence multiple points in GABAergic neurotransmission simultaneously.

Support for quality rest

Valerian root extract has been the subject of numerous studies for its potential to improve the quality of nighttime rest and support natural sleep-wake cycles. The valerenic acids present in the extract interact with GABA receptors in the central nervous system, a neurotransmitter associated with regulating neuronal activity and inducing relaxation. Scientific studies have investigated how this compound could help reduce the time needed to fall asleep and improve sleep architecture, promoting the deep sleep phases that are essential for physical and mental recovery. This effect occurs without causing dependence or significantly affecting alertness upon waking, which distinguishes it from other substances with sedative activity.

Support for managing occasional stress

Valerian has been extensively studied for its role in supporting the body's natural response to occasional stress and everyday strains. The bioactive components of the extract, including valerenic acids and valepotriates, may modulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a key system in regulating the stress response. Preclinical research has shown that these compounds can interact with various neurotransmitter systems, including the GABAergic and serotonergic systems, which play important roles in regulating mood and promoting feelings of calm. This support for natural coping mechanisms may contribute to maintaining emotional balance during periods of high mental or physical demand.

Contribution to muscle relaxation

Valerian extract has shown potential in various studies to promote relaxation of smooth and skeletal muscles, which could be beneficial for overall physical well-being. This effect is related to its ability to modulate the activity of the central nervous system and its influence on neuromuscular transmission. Scientific research has explored how components of valerian may contribute to reducing muscle tension accumulated throughout the day, especially that associated with stress or prolonged postures. This support for the body's natural muscle relaxation could complement practices such as stretching, gentle exercise, or breathing techniques, promoting a general sense of physical comfort.

Support for cognitive function and mental clarity

Although valerian is best known for its effects on sleep, its role in supporting various cognitive functions has also been investigated. Sleep quality is closely linked to memory consolidation, learning, and executive function, so by promoting restful sleep, valerian could indirectly contribute to maintaining optimal cognitive performance. Furthermore, by supporting the management of occasional stress, this compound could help maintain mental clarity and concentration during periods of intellectual demand. Scientific studies have explored how modulation of the GABAergic system could influence the regulation of neuronal activity, promoting a balance between alertness and relaxation that is essential for information processing and decision-making.

Antioxidant properties

Valerian root extract contains various phenolic compounds and flavonoids that exhibit antioxidant activity, contributing to cellular protection against oxidative stress. These natural antioxidants may help neutralize reactive oxygen species (free radicals) that are generated as part of normal metabolic processes and that, in excess, can affect the integrity of cell membranes, proteins, and genetic material. In vitro studies have shown that certain components of valerian can inhibit lipid peroxidation processes and support the body's endogenous antioxidant systems. This support for natural cellular defense mechanisms could be particularly relevant for maintaining the health of tissues with high metabolic demands, including the central nervous system.

Support for cardiovascular well-being

Some research has explored valerian's potential to support various aspects of cardiovascular function, although this area requires further investigation. Studies have examined how certain compounds present in the extract might support endothelial function and contribute to the regulation of vascular tone, processes fundamental for maintaining adequate blood circulation. The stress reduction and improved sleep quality that valerian may support also have indirect implications for cardiovascular well-being, as both chronic stress and insufficient sleep have been associated with alterations in various cardiovascular parameters. Experimental models have investigated how modulation of the autonomic nervous system might influence the regulation of heart rate and heart rate variability.

Support for digestive health

Valerian root extract has been traditionally used to support digestive health, particularly in situations where there is a connection between emotional stress and gastrointestinal discomfort. The gut-brain axis represents a bidirectional communication pathway where the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system constantly interact, and stress can influence various aspects of digestive function, including intestinal motility and visceral sensitivity. By supporting nervous system relaxation and contributing to the management of occasional stress, valerian may indirectly promote digestive comfort. Its potential to influence gastrointestinal motility and its effect on the smooth muscle of the digestive tract have been investigated in preclinical studies.

Support for hormonal balance

Although research in this field is still preliminary, valerian's potential to influence various aspects of hormonal regulation has been explored, particularly those related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cortisol production. Cortisol is a key hormone in the stress response, and its proper regulation is essential for maintaining numerous physiological processes, including energy metabolism, immune function, and circadian rhythms. By supporting the body's natural stress response, valerian may contribute to maintaining healthy cortisol secretion patterns. Furthermore, the improved sleep quality that this extract can promote is crucial for regulating various hormones, including growth hormone, melatonin, and hormones related to appetite and metabolism.

The chemical messenger that whispers "calm" to your brain

Imagine your brain as a vast, bustling city, constantly buzzing with activity. In this city, millions of inhabitants (neurons) communicate with each other, sending messages all the time: some shout "Alert! Stay awake!", others whisper "Time to relax!", and still others coordinate every movement, thought, and emotion you experience. For these messages to travel from one neuron to another, special substances called neurotransmitters act as microscopic messengers, carrying information from one place to another. One of the most important messengers for relaxation is called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and its job is to tell neurons, "That's enough activity for now; it's time to calm down a bit." Valerian root extract contains special compounds called valerenic acids that have a fascinating ability: they can help GABA do its job more effectively, as if they amplify the calming messages so more neurons can hear them clearly.

The magic doors that open with the right key

To understand how this works, we need to talk about something extraordinary that exists on the surface of your neurons: microscopic gates called receptors. Imagine that each neuron has thousands of special doors on its surface, and each door only opens with a specific key. GABA receptors are like very particular locks that only recognize the key of the neurotransmitter GABA. When GABA binds to its receptor (when the key fits the lock), the door opens and allows chloride ions, negatively charged particles, to enter. When these ions enter the neuron, they make it less likely to fire its electrical signal—in other words, they calm it down. Now, the valerenic acids present in valerian extract have a remarkable property: they aren't exactly identical keys to GABA, but they can modify the lock in such a way that when GABA (the real key) arrives, the door opens much more easily and stays open for a longer time. It's as if the valerenic acids lubricate the door hinges, allowing the calming message to be stronger and longer lasting.

The brain's orchestra learns to play a softer melody

Continuing with our brain city analogy, we can think of all this neural activity as a gigantic orchestra. Some sections of the orchestra play energetic, stimulating music (excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate), while others play soft, relaxing melodies (inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA). In a balanced brain, both sections play in harmony: there are times for the energetic music that keeps you alert and focused, and times for the soft music that helps you relax and rest. However, in modern life, with so many demands, stimuli, and worries, the energetic music section sometimes plays too loudly and for too long. Valerian extract acts as a very subtle conductor, not silencing the energetic musicians, but gently amplifying the volume of the relaxing section, helping to restore the natural balance. This rebalancing doesn't happen abruptly or forcefully; rather, it's as if the brain gradually remembers how to find its own calm rhythm, especially during the times of day when it should naturally be preparing to rest.

The internal clock that sets the rhythm of day and night

Your body has an extraordinarily precise internal clock called the circadian rhythm, which regulates when you should be awake and when you should sleep, synchronizing with the day's light-dark cycle. This master clock resides in a small region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and it sends signals throughout the body to coordinate thousands of processes: when to release certain hormones, when to raise or lower body temperature, when to feel hungry or sleepy. One of the most important signals this clock sends is the production of melatonin, a hormone that tells your body, "It's nighttime, it's time to prepare for sleep." Here's where things get interesting: while valerian extract isn't melatonin and doesn't directly produce it, its ability to enhance GABA activity can help the brain respond better to the natural signals of this internal clock. It's as if valerian tunes the instruments of the circadian orchestra, allowing the brain to be more receptive to that natural signal when it's time to rest. This is especially valuable in situations where the circadian rhythm may be slightly out of sync due to schedule changes, occasional night work, or simply stress that keeps the mind active when it should be relaxing.

The braking system that calms the storm of stress

There's a fascinating system in your body called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, or HPA axis, which acts as your body's alarm and stress response system. Think of it as the emergency department of your brain: when it senses a threat or challenge, it triggers a cascade of chemical signals that culminate in the release of cortisol, a hormone that prepares your body for action. Cortisol is helpful and necessary in the right amounts and at the right times, but when this alarm system is triggered too frequently or stays on for too long, it can create a chronic state of alertness that affects sleep, digestion, and overall well-being. Valerian extract seems to interact with this system in an elegant and subtle way: by boosting GABA activity, it helps activate what we might call the brain's "brake system," which naturally counteracts the overactivation of the alarm system. It doesn't turn off the alarm completely (which would be dangerous, since we need to be able to respond to genuine stressful situations), but it helps the brain more easily recognize when it's time to turn off the alarm and return to a state of calm.

The cellular guardians that protect against molecular chaos

Inside each of your cells, something fascinating and constant is happening: millions of chemical reactions per second that generate energy, build proteins, repair damage, and sustain life. However, as a natural byproduct of these reactions, mischievous molecules called free radicals, or reactive oxygen species, are created. Imagine them as sparks flying from a campfire: in small amounts, they're not a problem, but if there are too many and nothing to control them, they can cause damage. These molecules can alter the structure of cell membranes, proteins, and even DNA, in a process known as oxidative stress. Fortunately, your body has its own microscopic superheroes: antioxidants, which neutralize these free radicals before they cause problems. Valerian root extract contains various antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which act as boosters for the body's natural antioxidant defense system. It's as if these compounds were extra firefighters helping to extinguish sparks before they turn into fires, especially protecting the cells of the nervous system, which are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress due to their high metabolic activity.

The connection between a calm mind and a relaxed body

There's a fascinating concept in the science of the human body: the idea that the brain and the rest of the body aren't separate systems, but rather parts of an incredibly integrated communication network. When your brain is in a calm state thanks to GABA activity boosted by valerenic acids, this sense of tranquility doesn't stay confined to your head. The autonomic nervous system, which controls automatic functions like heartbeat, breathing, and digestion, has two main branches: the sympathetic system (which speeds things up when you need action) and the parasympathetic system (which slows things down when it's time to rest and recover). Valerian can help gently tip the balance toward the parasympathetic side, resulting in effects you can feel throughout your body: breathing may become deeper and slower, muscle tension may decrease, and your heart rate may slow slightly to a more tranquil level. It's as if the calming message that begins in the brain ripples outward in gentle waves throughout your body, reminding every system that it's okay to relax and not remain in a constant state of alert.

In short: Valerian is like turning on the dim light switch in your mind.

Think of valerian root extract as that special switch some lamps have, the one that doesn't just turn the light on or off abruptly, but allows you to gradually adjust the brightness. Your brain, with its billions of neurons constantly communicating, can sometimes be overly "lit" with activity, especially when stress, worries, or the day's stimuli keep circuits active that should be starting to wind down. Valerenic acids act like that dimmer switch, subtly working with your brain's GABA system (the natural calming system) to help gradually dim the intensity of neural activity without turning it off completely. It's not about switching off your consciousness or forcing an artificial state, but about supporting the natural processes your body already has to transition from alertness to rest. It's like helping your brain's orchestra remember how to play the gentle melodies that allow your body and mind to resynchronize with their natural rhythms of activity and rest, while protecting your cells with its antioxidant activity and allowing your entire organism to remember what it feels like to be genuinely relaxed.

Positive allosteric modulation of GABA-A receptors

The most studied and documented mechanism of action of valerian root extract centers on its interaction with the GABAergic system, specifically through the positive allosteric modulation of GABA-A receptors. Valerenic acids, which constitute the main bioactive components of the standardized extract, act as allosteric modulators at these ionotropic receptors. This means they do not bind to the GABA binding site itself, but rather to a different regulatory site within the receptor complex. This allosteric binding induces a conformational change in the receptor's three-dimensional structure, increasing the affinity of the orthosteric site for the endogenous neurotransmitter GABA and prolonging the duration of the associated chloride channel opening. At the molecular level, when GABA binds to its specific site in the presence of valerenic acids, chloride ion conductance across the neuronal membrane increases more sharply and sustainably, resulting in more effective hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. This hyperpolarizing effect reduces neuronal excitability by moving the membrane potential away from the threshold required for generating action potentials. Patch-clamp studies have shown that valerenic acids can increase GABA-mediated currents without directly activating receptors in the absence of the neurotransmitter, thus distinguishing them from direct agonists. Furthermore, radioligand binding studies have identified that different components of valerian extract can interact with different subunits of the GABA-A receptor, particularly those containing the α and β subunits, which could explain the diversity of physiological effects observed. This selective modulation is particularly relevant in brain regions rich in GABA-A receptors, such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus—areas fundamental in regulating wakefulness, memory consolidation, emotional processing, and the transition between states of consciousness.

Inhibition of GABA reuptake and degradation

In addition to its modulating effect on GABA-A receptors, valerian root extract influences the synaptic availability of the neurotransmitter GABA through multiple mechanisms that affect its metabolism and reuptake. In vitro studies have shown that certain components of the extract can inhibit the enzyme GABA transaminase, responsible for the degradation of GABA in the synaptic cleft and within neurons and glial cells. By reducing the activity of this enzyme, the presence of GABA in the synaptic cleft is prolonged, allowing for more sustained GABAergic signaling. This mechanism is particularly relevant because it does not artificially increase GABA production, but rather optimizes the utilization of the neurotransmitter already present, thus respecting endogenous regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, research has suggested that some valepotriates and other compounds present in the extract may interfere with GABA transporters located in presynaptic and glial membranes, specifically with the GAT-1 and GAT-3 transporters. These transporters are transmembrane proteins responsible for the reuptake of GABA from the extracellular space, thus terminating the neurotransmitter signal. By modulating the activity of these transporters, valerian extract can prolong the time during which GABA remains available to interact with its postsynaptic receptors, effectively amplifying inhibitory signaling. This dual mechanism, acting on both enzymatic degradation and reuptake, represents an elegant strategy for enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission without dramatically disrupting the excitatory-inhibitory balance of the central nervous system.

Interaction with adenosine receptors

A lesser-known but equally significant mechanism of action of valerian extract involves its interaction with the adenosinergic system, particularly with adenosine A1 receptors. Adenosine is an endogenous purine that functions as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system, exerting predominantly inhibitory effects on neuronal activity. Adenosine A1 receptors are coupled to inhibitory G proteins, and their activation results in the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, a reduction in intracellular cAMP levels, and modulation of ion channels, which together decrease neuronal excitability and the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate. Competitive binding studies have identified that certain lignans present in valerian extract show affinity for A1 receptors, potentially acting as allosteric modulators or partial agonists. This interaction with the adenosinergic system could contribute to the sedative and anxiolytic effects of the extract, complementing its action on the GABAergic system. It is particularly interesting that adenosine plays a fundamental role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, progressively accumulating during periods of wakefulness and promoting sleep homeostasis. By enhancing adenosinergic signaling, valerian extract could facilitate the natural processes that lead to sleep initiation. Furthermore, activation of A1 receptors in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, a region critical for sleep promotion, can inhibit wakefulness centers, thus contributing to the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

Modulation of the serotonergic system

Valerian root extract has also demonstrated the ability to influence the serotonergic system through multiple molecular pathways. Serotonin is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter involved in regulating numerous physiological and psychological functions, including mood, appetite regulation, pain modulation, and, crucially, sleep architecture. Research has identified that some components of the extract can interact with specific serotonergic receptors, particularly the 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 subtypes. Activated 5-HT1A receptors generally produce anxiolytic effects and can modulate the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, while 5-HT7 receptors are involved in regulating circadian rhythms and thermoregulation. Studies using radioligand binding techniques have suggested that certain phenolic acids present in valerian may act as ligands for these receptors, although the exact nature of this interaction—whether agonistic, antagonistic, or modulatory—requires further investigation. Additionally, there is evidence that the extract can influence serotonin synthesis and metabolism by modulating the activity of key enzymes such as tryptophan hydroxylase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis, and monoamine oxidase, responsible for its degradation. This modulation of the serotonergic system is particularly relevant in the context of sleep, since serotonin is a precursor to melatonin, the fundamental hormone in regulating circadian rhythms and initiating sleep.

Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Valerian extract has been investigated for its ability to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key neuroendocrine system in the stress response. This axis represents a hormonal signaling cascade that begins with the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, which stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary gland. ACTH, in turn, induces the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol in humans, by the adrenal cortex. Preclinical studies have shown that administering valerian extract can attenuate the excessive activation of this axis in response to acute stressors, as evidenced by reductions in plasma corticosterone levels in animal models. The mechanisms underlying this effect are multifactorial and include the potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission in key hypothalamic regions, particularly the paraventricular nucleus, where GABAergic neurons exert an inhibitory tone on neurons that secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone. By increasing this tonic inhibition, the extract may reduce the magnitude of the axis's response to stressful stimuli. Additionally, the modulation of serotonergic and adenosinergic receptors by components of valerian may indirectly influence the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, given that both neurotransmitter systems interact with stress signaling pathways. Appropriate regulation of this axis is crucial not only for stress management but also for numerous physiological processes that depend on proper circadian rhythms of cortisol secretion, including glucose metabolism, immune function, and memory consolidation.

Antioxidant activity and neuroprotection

Valerian root extract exhibits significant antioxidant properties attributable to its rich content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, lignans, and other secondary metabolites capable of neutralizing reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. These compounds act through multiple complementary mechanisms, including the direct donation of electrons to free radicals, the chelation of transition metal ions that catalyze oxidation reactions, and the enhancement of endogenous antioxidant systems. In vitro studies using assays such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP have documented the extract's ability to neutralize various types of free radicals, while cell culture experiments have demonstrated its capacity to reduce markers of oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation, measured through malondialdehyde formation, and oxidative DNA damage, assessed using the comet assay. At the level of endogenous antioxidant systems, components of the extract can induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase through the activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, a master regulator of the cellular antioxidant response. This antioxidant protection is particularly relevant in the central nervous system, where high oxygen consumption, an abundance of polyunsaturated lipids susceptible to peroxidation, and a relatively limited regenerative capacity make neurons especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity of the extract may contribute to maintaining the structural and functional integrity of neuronal membranes, preserving mitochondrial function, and protecting against the oxidative modification of proteins and nucleic acids—processes that are fundamental for long-term neuronal health.

Modulation of voltage-dependent ion channels

Recent research has revealed that components of valerian extract can interact directly with various types of voltage-gated ion channels, thereby modulating neuronal excitability through neurotransmission-independent mechanisms. Specifically, certain valerenic acids have been documented to block T-type calcium channels, which play critical roles in generating low-amplitude, high-frequency action potentials, particularly in thalamic neurons. The thalamus functions as a sensory relay station and plays a crucial role in regulating states of consciousness and generating brain rhythms associated with different sleep stages. Inhibition of T-type calcium channels in thalamocortical circuits may contribute to the transition from high-frequency neuronal activity patterns, characteristic of wakefulness, to more synchronized, low-frequency activity patterns associated with sleep. Additionally, experimental evidence suggests that the extract can modulate potassium channels, specifically high-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels, whose opening leads to membrane hyperpolarization and reduces neuronal excitability. These channels are particularly important in neuronal repolarization following the generation of action potentials and in the regulation of neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals. The modulation of multiple types of ion channels by valerian extract represents an additional mechanism by which it can influence neuronal activity more broadly and complementarily to its effects on specific neurotransmitter systems.

Interaction with the endogenous opioid system

Although less studied than other mechanisms, emerging evidence suggests a possible interaction between components of valerian extract and the endogenous opioid system. This system, composed of endogenous opioid peptides such as endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins, along with their specific receptors, plays fundamental roles in pain modulation, mood regulation, and the stress response. Pharmacological studies have observed that certain effects of valerian extract can be partially reversed by administering naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, suggesting that at least some of its activity may be mediated by modulation of this system. The specific molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, but it has been proposed that some alkaloids or structurally related compounds present in the extract could act as ligands for opioid receptors, particularly δ and κ subtypes. Alternatively, the extract could influence the release or degradation of endogenous opioid peptides, thereby indirectly modulating opioid signaling. This interaction with the opioid system could contribute to the extract's anxiolytic effects and its ability to modulate the stress response, given that endogenous opioids are released during stressful situations and can mediate adaptogenic effects. It is important to note that this interaction, if confirmed, appears to be modulatory and subtle compared to the robust activation of opioid receptors produced by exogenous opioids, which would explain the absence of adverse effects typically associated with intense opioid signaling.

Regulation of gene expression and epigenetic modifications

More recent research has begun to explore the effects of valerian extract on gene regulation and epigenetic modifications, revealing mechanisms of action that operate over longer timescales than acute pharmacological effects on receptors and ion channels. Transcriptomic studies have identified that exposure to components of the extract can modulate the expression of numerous genes related to neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial function, and responses to oxidative stress. Particularly relevant is the extract's ability to influence the expression of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein crucial for neuronal survival, neurite growth, synapse formation, and synaptic plasticity. Increased expression of neurotrophic factors could contribute to long-term neuroprotective effects and neuronal adaptation to chronic stress. At the epigenetic level, which refers to modifications in gene expression that do not alter the DNA sequence but can be heritable and long-lasting, bioactive components of the extract have shown the ability to influence processes such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation. These epigenetic modifications can alter chromatin structure, making certain genes more or less accessible for transcription. For example, histone deacetylation generally leads to a more compact chromatin structure and gene repression, while acetylation promotes a more open structure and transcriptional activation. Some preliminary studies suggest that valerian extract could modulate the activity of enzymes that catalyze these modifications, such as histone deacetylases and histone acetyltransferases, although this field of research is still in its early stages and requires further exploration to fully characterize these effects and their functional relevance.